Amien Rais (born 26 April 1944) is a prominent Indonesian politician who
led and inspired the reform movement that forced the resignation of
President Suharto in
1998. Amien Rais was the leader of Muhammadiyah, one of the
two biggest Muslim organizations in Indonesia, from 1995 to 2000. Amien Rais
was the Chairman of the People's
Consultative Assembly (MPR) from 1999 to 2004.
Amien Rais was born in Surakarta, Central
Java, as the second child of Suhud Rais and Sudalmiyah. The couple were
Muhammadiyah activists in Surakarta. Suhud Rais graduated from Muhammadiyah's
Mualimin high school. He worked in Surakarta's religion affairs office. He also
was a member of Muhammadiyah's Board of Education in Surakarta chapter.
Sudalmiyah was an activist in Aisiyah, a Muhammadiyah's women
organization and had been its chairperson for 20 years. She graduated from
Muhammadiyah's teaching school "Hogere Indlansche Kweekschool". She
was a member of Masyumi
party in the 1950s. She was awarded " The Central Java Best Mother"
in 1985.
Amien's siblings are Fatimah (a
daughter, the first child), Abdul Rozak, Ahmad Dahlan, Siti Aisyah and Siti
Asyiah. They were brought up with a strict discipline as their mother taught to
them. In various occasions, Amien Rais said that his mother affected him much
in his life. He always took time to meet or to consult with his mother - who
died on 14 September 2001.
Family
life
Amien married his childhood friend, Kusnasriyati Sri Rahayu
in 1969. During their ten years of marriage, they had had no child despite
various medical treatments. In Mecca - on their Haj pilgrimage - they prayed to God in front
of the Kaaba
hoping that God would give them children. Two months later, Mrs. Rais was
pregnant. The couple now have 5 children (Ahmad Hanafi, Hanum Salsabiela, Ahmad
Mumtaz, Tasniem Fauzia and Ahmad Baihaqy).
Education
When in primary school, Amien wanted
to be a mayor
which was inspired by Muhammad Saleh, the then mayor of Surakarta. Saleh was a
respected person in his tenure. But in senior high school, Amien made up his
mind and wanted to be an ambassador. This might lead him to enroll in international
relations department in Gadjah Mada University. Amien graduated from
the university in 1968 and attended Al Azhar
University in Cairo,
Egypt as a student
fellow until 1969. Amien earned his master degree from University of Notre Dame, Indiana in 1974.
His thesis was on the Egypt's President Anwar Sadat's foreign policy. In 1984, he earned a Ph.
D degree in political science from the University of Chicago. His thesis was
" The Moslem Brotherhood in Egypt: Its Rise, Demise and Resurgence ".
In 1988, he attended a post-doctoral program in George Washington University,
Washington, DC.
Activities
in Muhammadiyah and ICMI
After his studies in United
States, he had been a Middle East specialist and noted for being a critic on
US foreign policy. Controversially, Rais learned a lot about human rights and
democracy in US. Amien Rais' activities in Muhammadiyah started in 1985 where
he led The Council of Preacher ( Majelis Tabligh). Later in 1990, Rais
was vice chairman elected in a convention ( muktamar ) in Yogyakarta. Amien Rais also was active in the
newly established ICMI ( Ikatan Cendikiawan Muslim Indonesia ), the
Muslim Scholars Association. Rais led ICMI's Expert Council, but resigned in
1997 under pressure from Suharto because he argued on the Busang and the Freeport
cases. In 1995, Rais replaced Azhar Basyir, then the chairman
of Muhammadiyah, who died soon after his re-election. In 1993, at a
Muhammadiyah mid-term meeting ( Tanwir ) in Surabaya, Rais
urged a presidential succession, a very rare issue amid the New Order regime. The political and
economical decay in Indonesia during the 90s had Rais call a comprehensive
issue: the political reform. Amien Rais was eventually a forerunner in crushing
the New Order regime. This made him a number one enemy for Suharto's administration.
Political
career
In 1998, Amien Rais became an outspoken critic, and allied himself with the reform movement. However, this would also force the New Order regime to ban any demonstration reflecting the people's voice over Reformasi. In May 1998, Jakarta was in chaos situation following the riots in some parts of the city. The army and the police forces were likely unable to handle the situation as President Suharto had a state visit to Cairo, Egypt. Upon his arrival from Cairo, Suharto learnt that the situation was out of control. Several days later, he invited some Muslim prominent figures - including Abdurrahman Wahid, Emha Ainun Najib, Nurcholis Madjid and Malik Fajar - to discuss the nation's current condition. Suharto proposed to establish a Reform Committee, to reshuffle the cabinet ministers and to resign from the presidency within 6 months. This was not responded to by those who attended the meeting. Suharto panicked as 14 of his ministers resigned from the cabinet. On 20 May, Amien Rais cancelled the mass rally to Monas square as an army general threatened to make "another Tiananmen" should he do so. Less than 24 hours later, Suharto resigned from his office and was replaced by Vice President B.J. Habibie. Habibie lived in Aachen, Germany.
Amien Rais and other reformists
established the National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat
Nasional / PAN) on 6 August 1998. Amien Rais was elected its first chairman
with Faisal
Basri as secretary general. Therefore his position in Muhammadiyah was
replaced by vice chairman Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif. PAN gained 6 percent
votes in 1999 election that failed to nominate Rais as a president's candidate.
However, the political compromise made Amien lead the People Consultative
Assembly (MPR ). Being a king maker, Amien Rais and other Islam parties and Golkar elected Abdurrahman
Wahid as president and Megawati Sukarnoputri as vice president.
Amien Rais was also the leading figure in the Indonesian constitution's
amendment process.
In 2004 presidential election,
Amien Rais and Siswono Yudohusodo - nominated
by PAN, The Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and some
small political parties - earned 15% of the vote.
Amien Rais is currently the Chairman
of PAN's Advisory Board, Muhammadiyah's Advisory Board, and is a professor at
Gadjah Mada University.
Taken from : wikipedia
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